Sodium Channel Blockers

Abbr.	Generic Name	Brand Name	Class	2nd Mechanism of Action	Mechanism Details	Drug Company Description
CBZ	Carbamazepine	Tegretol, Carbatrol	AED/Carboxamide	-	Use- and voltage-dependent blockade of neuronal volatage-gated sodium channels.	Effective for focal seizures and primary tonic clonic and secondarily generalized tonic clonic seizures. May worsen absence and myoclonic seizures.
LAC	Lacosamide	Vimpat	AED	-	Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels via a selective effect on slow inactivation of channels; may also relate to interaction with collapsing-response mediator protein-2.	Add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalization. Monotherapy in children 17 years older.8
LTG	Lamotrigine	Lamictal	AED	-	Use- and voltage-dependent blockade of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels	Monotherapy and add-on therapy for focal and generalized seizures. Also used for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Valproate adjunct for children 2-12 years of age.
OXC	Oxcarbazepine	Trileptal	AED/Carboxamide	-	Use- and voltage-dependent blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels, may increase potassium conductance, reduces presynaptic glutamate release, possibly by blocking high threshold calcium channels.	Add-on therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
PHT	Phenytoin	Dilantin	AED	-	Use- and voltage-dependent blockade of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels.	Effective for focal and tonic clonic seizures. Ineffective against absences. Blood testing is essential to guide the doses.
RFM	Rufinamide	Inovelon, Banzel	Carboxamide	-	Blockage of neuronal sodium channel.	Add-on therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
VPA	Valproate	Depakote, Epilim	AED	-	Use- and voltage-dependent blockage of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels; possible blockage of T-type calcium channels; increases synthesis and release of GABA.	Effective for all types of seizures.

GABAergic

Abbr.	Generic Name	Brand Name	Class	2nd Mechanism of Action	Mechanism Details	Drug Company Description
CLB	Clobazam	Frisium, ONFI	BZD	-	Enhanced GABAergic neurotransmission, binds at benzodiazepine site	Add-on therapy.
CLZ	Clonazepam	-	BZD	-	Binds to benzodiazepine receptor, enhances GABA effects	Effective for focal, tonic clonic, myoclonic and absence seizures.
FBM	Felbamate	Feltabol	AED	-	Inhibits NMDA glutamate receptor mediated activity by modulating glycine binding sites on the receptor; blocks voltage activated sodium channels; possibly increases GABAA receptor activity.	Mono- or add-on theraphy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
NTZ	Nitrazepam	-	BZD	-	Binds to benzodiazepine receptor, enhances GABA effects.	Effective for infantile spasms only.
PBT	Phenobarbital	-	BARB/AED	-	Increases the duration of opening of GABA mediated chloride channels by binding to an allosteric site for GABA receptor.	Effective for focal and tonic clonic seizures.
PRM	Primidone	Mysoline	AED	-	Metabolized to phenobarbitol, acts on GABA receptors.	Primidone is not often used in children. Effective for all seizure types except typical absences
STP	Stiripentol	Diacomit	Aromatic Allytic Alcohol	-	Increases GABA transmission through a barbiturate like effect, increases opening of GABAA receptors in the hippocampus, possibly also increases GABAA in brain through interfering with its uptake and metabolism.	Add-on therapy for tonic clonic seizures for children with severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI or Dravet syndrome) where other treatment has not worked.
TGB	Tiagabine	Gabitril	AED	-	Prevents GABA re-uptake by binding and inhibiting GAT1 thus prolonging GABA in the synapse.	Children >12 add on for partial seizures.
VBG	Vigabatrin	Sabril	AED	-	Increases GABA brain concentrations through irreversible inhibition of GABA transaminase.	Effective for focal seizures with or without secondarily generalized seizures where other treatment has not worked. Used for West syndrome with Tuberous Sclerosis. May worsen absence and myoclonic seizures. Not widely prescribed due to possible side effects.

Calcium Channel Blockers

Abbr.	Generic Name	Brand Name	Class	2nd Mechanism of Action	Mechanism Details	Drug Company Description
ETX	Ethosuximide	Zarontin	AED	-	Binds to and blocks T-type calcium channels.	Effective for typical and atypical absences.
GBP	Gabapentin	Neurontin	AED/Analgesic	-	Inhibits calcium currents and neurotransmitter release by binding to the alpha2-delta subunit of high voltage-activated calcium channels	Monotherapy and add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalization (where other treatment has not worked). May make myoclonic and absence seizures worse
ZNS	Zonisamide	Zonegran	AED/Sulfa	-	Blocks voltage dependent neuronal sodium and T-type calcium channels.	Children >16. Add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalization.

Binds to Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2A

Abbr.	Generic Name	Brand Name	Class	2nd Mechanism of Action	Mechanism Details	Drug Company Description
BRV	Brivaracetam	(not FDA approved)	Racetam	-	Binds to synaptic vesicle protein 2A.	-
LEV	Levetiracetam	Keppra	AED	CCB	Binds to synaptic vesicle protein 2A.	Emonotherapy and add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalization. Add-on therapy for myoclonic seizures in Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy.

Other/Multiple

Abbr.	Generic Name	Brand Name	Class	2nd Mechanism of Action	Mechanism Details	Drug Company Description
AZA	Acetazolamide	-	CAI	-	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.	Effective for focal, tonic clonic and absence seizures.
CLO	Clonidine	-	Antihypertensive	alpha2 agonist	-	-
MDZ	Midazolam	-	BZD	-	-	-
PER	Perampanel	Fycompa	AED	GLY	Non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist.	Mono-therapy for children >12 years for partial onset seizures.
TPM	Topiramate	Topamax	AED	GABA, GLY, SCB	Blockade of neuronal sodium and calcium channels, augmenting GABA activity at some GABAA receptor subtypes, inhibition at the AMPA/kainate subtype of the glutamte receptor.	Used for focal seizures with or without secondary generalization and tonic clonic seizures, where other treatment has not worked. Topiramate has a licence for monotherapy but is not widely used as a first line drug.

Steroids

Abbr.	Generic Name	Brand Name	Class	2nd Mechanism of Action	Mechanism Details	Drug Company Description
ACTH	ACTH	-	Steroid	Steroid	-	-
PRD	Prednisolone	-	Steroid	Steroid	-	-